New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
type: channel
description: The New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science is an international journal covering the breadth of forestry science. Planted forests are a particular focus but manuscripts on a wide range of forestry topics will also be considered. The journal's scope covers forestry species, which are those capable of reaching at least five metres in height at maturity in the place they are located, but not grown or managed primarily for fruit or nut production or consumption. Original articles must report on a completed piece of substantial research that is relevant to an international audience. In all cases, a hypothesis must be presented and results must be sound without errors of fact, logic, interpretation, or calculation. Key details must be provided for all methods used. The correct statistical tests must be applied, where appropriate. Discussion must be logical and comprehensive, yet concise. Any conclusions must be justified and supported by the data presented. Short notes and subject reviews will also be considered if they are within the scope of the journal. Conference papers may be acceptable if they are part of a set of proceedings being published by the journal. The journal's policies and processes relating to Conflicts of interest, Peer review, Misconduct and Complaints are available here All articles published by New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication. There are no Article Processing Charges (APCs) or submission charges. Papers published in the New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science are archived by the Bioeconomy Science Institute|Scion Group and also by the National Library of New Zealand under its Legal Deposit scheme.
publisher: Scion
language: en
publication name: New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
issn: 1179-5395
copyright: Authors of articles published in New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science retain the copyright of their articles and are free to reproduce and disseminate their work. Authors may also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. Open access All articles published by New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication, without subscription charges or registration barriers. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
items: Oil heat-treatment of Eucalyptus nitens (H.Deane & Maiden) Maiden timber
items: Long term monitoring of red needle cast. What drives episodic outbreaks on radiata pine in New Zealand?
items: Performance of global canopy height models across varied New Zealand vegetation types
items: Quantifying radial growth loss from red needle cast in Pinus radiata D.Don plantations
items: Use of geospatial technologies in New Zealand’s plantationforestry sector – a decade of change
items: Development of a height-diameter model for New Zealand grown tōtara (Podocarpus totara G. Benn. ex D. Don)
items: Enhancing growth and quality of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos (Bignoniaceae) seedlings by rhizobacteria inoculation
items: Are uncrewed aerial spraying systems the future for forestry pesticide application?
items: New probability density function for biopopulations modelling
items: Uniformity measures for young Eucalyptus sp. plantations using attributes extracted from UAV flights
items: Forest-fire interactions, impacts, and implications: a focus on mangroves
items: Total plant biomass, carbon stock, and species- and age-specific allometry for 12 of New Zealand’s early-colonising indigenous shrub and tree species to 5 years of age
items: Modelling above-ground biomass of Eucalyptus bosistoana F.Muell. and Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely
items: Potential of high- or low-solubility calcium to correct stem sinuosity in fast-growing Pinus radiata D. Don
items: Germination dynamics of Nothofagus glauca seeds: provenance-specific responses to temperature variation
items: Variations in the hierarchical architecture of Nothofagus obliqua: evidence from juvenile naturally-regenerated trees and from seedlings obtained by controlled crosses of selected individuals
items: Diameter distributions and spatial distribution patterns of tree species are important for planning sustainable management in natural forests in the eastern Amazon
items: A qualitative study of the machine operator’s experience of wellbeing in the New Zealand logging industry
items: Assessing the impacts of experimental mid-rotation forest fertiliser treatments on water quality
items: Assessing native woody composition, structure, and carbon stocks along elevation-climate gradients in mature Pinus radiata plantations as a baseline for transitional forestry: a regional pilot study
items: Use of nitrogen-fixing plants to improve planted forest soil fertility and productivity in New Zealand: A review
items: Evaluation of forest areas and land use/cover (LULC) changes with a combination of remote sensing, intensity analysis and CA-Markov modelling
items: Effects of container size and growing media on growth of argan (Argania spinosa) seedlings in Morocco
items: Diversity and growth patterns of woody species in the Mediterranean Coastal range of Chile: A case study in Altos de Cantillana
items: A broad analysis of vegetative rescue and propagation of Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.) G. Sancho
items: Seed thermo-priming accelerates the growth of Ceiba glaziovii (Kutze) K.Schum. seedlings
items: Mid-term results and prospects for irregular shelterwood systems in hardwood-dominated temperate rainforests in Chile
items: Indonesian timber harvesting workers’ knowledge of occupational safety and health
items: Forest and shrubland structure of Polylepis tarapacana in topographic and substrate gradients across the Argentine Altiplano
items: Wood density and stiffness of New Zealand native trees and shrubs

Oil heat-treatment of Eucalyptus nitens (H.Deane & Maiden) Maiden timber
type: item
description: Background: Thermal modification of nondurable Eucalyptus nitens timber was reported to result in excessive checking and only marginally improved durability when heat treating in steam or atmospheric environments. This study investigated if oil heat-treatment of E. nitens above 210°C was able to overcome previously reported difficulties. Methods: Eucalyptus nitens clears were oil heat-treated to 210°C, 220°C and 230°C and assessed for density, stiffness, strength, colour and decay resistance. Results: Oil heat-treated E. nitens samples showed mass loss matching the highest durability class when tested against the brown-rot Rhodonia placenta (Fr.) Niemelä, K.H.Larss. & Schigel and the white-rot Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, matching Durability Class-2 rated Eucalyptus muelleriana A.W.Howitt heartwood. Oil heat-treated E. nitens samples outperformed Pinus radiata treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) to Hazard Class (H3) grade when tested for the brown-rot R. placenta. While oil heat-treatment reduced mean stiffness (MoE) and strength (MoR), the resulting material exceeded characteristic SG8 grade values. No checking was observed in the oil heat-treated E. nitens boards. Letting samples cool outside the oil bath limited uptake of oil to less than 4 mm in depth. The planed product became darker the higher the oil heat-treatment temperature. Conclusions: Oil heat-treatment above 210°C has the potential to refine E. nitens timber, avoiding excessive degrade and providing decay resistance.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Checking
  topic: keywords
subject: colour
  topic: keywords
subject: decay
  topic: keywords
subject: durability
  topic: keywords
subject: mass loss
  topic: keywords
subject: shining gum
  topic: keywords
subject: strength
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal modification
  topic: keywords
subject: nitens
  topic: keywords
subject: oil
  topic: keywords
creator: Clemens Michael Altaner
creator: Frederick Amin Anthonio
creator: John Robert Fairweather
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Clemens Michael Altaner, Frederick Amin Anthonio, John Robert Fairweather (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x460x

Long term monitoring of red needle cast. What drives episodic outbreaks on radiata pine in New Zealand?
type: item
description: Background: Red needle cast (RNC) is a foliar disease of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) in New Zealand caused by Phytophthora pluvialis Reeser, W.L.Sutton & E.M.Hansen and, to a lesser extent, Phytophthora kernoviae Brasier, Beales & S.A.Kirk. Incidence and severity of RNC vary substantially between years. To investigate the impact of seasonal weather variables on this variation, RNC was assessed annually for ten years at radiata pine transects. Methods: Fifty-three transects were established in 2015 in the Central North Island and Gisborne Region (east coast North Island) of New Zealand, with twenty-three monitored until 2024 (surviving harvest). The relationship between seasonal weather variables and RNC severity was analysed using two non-parametric statistical approaches: (1) correlation analyses (Spearman correlations, rs, where positive values indicate an increase in RNC severity with an increase in the explanatory variable); and (2) binary recursive partitioning (with models trained on 85% of observations and tested on the remaining 15%). Results: Disease expressed more consistently, and severity was generally greater, at Gisborne sites. Disease severity peaked in 2017 and 2023 in both regions. Autumn (March-May) variables tended to be prevalent amongst predictors of RNC severity. Autumn soil moisture index (calculated from cumulative rainfall and evapotranspiration) was the most strongly correlated variable for the Gisborne dataset (rs = 0.70) and, along with vapour pressure, were the key partitioning variables in the recursive partitioning model. The strongest correlating variable for the Central North Island dataset was autumn potential evapotranspiration (rs = -0.46) while the most important variable and first data partition was autumn vapour pressure. Model evaluation metrics indicated good performance: R2 values were 0.63 and 0.68 for the Gisborne and Central North Island test datasets respectively, and mean absolute errors were 18.1 % and 7.8 % for…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climatic variables
  topic: keywords
subject: foliar disease
  topic: keywords
subject: forest disease
  topic: keywords
subject: needle disease
  topic: keywords
subject: polycyclic disease epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: weather variables
  topic: keywords
creator: Stuart Fraser
creator: Emily McLay
creator: Christine Todoroki
creator: Nicolò Camarretta
creator: Ian Hood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Stuart Fraser, Emily McLay, Christine Todoroki, Nicolò Camarretta, Ian Hood (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-07
publication date: 2025-08-07
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x457x

Performance of global canopy height models across varied New Zealand vegetation types
type: item
description: Background: Global canopy height models are becoming prolific yet require evaluation across New Zealand's diverse vegetation types to assess their accuracy and applicability. Accurate measurement of canopy height is crucial for estimating above-ground woody biomass, which is essential for modelling carbon emissions and sequestration in the context of climate change. These models generally rely on remote sensing data and machine learning techniques, with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology commonly employed for precise measurement. Methods: This study validated the three latest global canopy height models, each provided at a different resolution: 30-metre, 10-metre, and 1-metre. We assessed the accuracy of the selected models by comparing them against canopy height estimates derived from local Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) datasets, which served as our reference data. Eleven regions across New Zealand were selected based on ALS data availability, encompassing five vegetation and land cover types. Our methodology involved utilising and automating the processing of large New Zealand ALS datasets. To align resolutions for comparison, the reference canopy height was calculated by aggregating average or maximum heights at 10 and 30 m spatial resolution. Model performances were assessed using statistical metrics, including root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias, and R². Results: Overall, all models exhibited relatively low R² values, indicating limited capture of canopy height variability. The Potapov 30-metre model performed best with average aggregation in shorter vegetation. In contrast, the Lang 10-metre model showed improved accuracy with maximum aggregation, particularly in taller vegetation, but visual boundaries between different vegetation types were not as distinct. The Tolan 1-metre model provided a balanced approach, minimising biases in lower heights but underestimating taller canopies. Results highlight model-specific strengths for varying vegetation …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: LiDAR
  topic: keywords
subject: Canopy height
  topic: keywords
subject: GEDI
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: New Zealand vegetation
  topic: keywords
creator: Sue Kee Ng
creator: Pascal Sirguey
creator: Todd Redpath
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sue Kee Ng, Pascal Sirguey, Todd Redpath (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-05
publication date: 2025-09-05
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x446x

Quantifying radial growth loss from red needle cast in Pinus radiata D.Don plantations
type: item
description: Background: Red needle cast (RNC), caused by Phytophthora pluvialis Reeser, W.L. Sutton & E.M. Hansen, is a significant foliar disease impacting Pinus radiata D.Don in New Zealand. First detected in 2005, the disease has now been observed in all regions of the country. In the most severe cases, defoliation of entire tree crowns can occur at a landscape scale. While some evidence of growth loss and productivity reduction has been reported, quantitative estimates of the effect of RNC on productivity are needed to inform disease management and mitigation decisions. This study aims to assess both short- and long-term losses in radial growth due to RNC. Methods: We used tree cores to quantify yearly basal area increments at two plantations: a 32-year-old stand in Wharerata Forest, with documented history of outbreaks both severe and cyclic in nature, and a 26-year-old stand in Kinleith Forest, where 8 years of continuous disease severity monitoring has been conducted at the tree level. A Bayesian multilevel modelling framework was used to predict growth losses due to RNC at both sites, accounting for yearly weather and outbreak severity. Results: We predicted a 31% to 51.5% radial growth loss in the year following an RNC outbreak, with reduced growth detectable for 3 to 4 years after disease, amounting to up to 30.6% growth loss over the course of a single event. Recurring disease events every three to four years can lead to a 20% reduction in total radial area growth over the period encompassing the presence of the disease, with no evidence that each additional RNC event aggravates growth loss. Conclusions:
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Radiata pine
  topic: keywords
subject: disease
  topic: keywords
subject: red needle cast
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytophthora pluvialis
  topic: keywords
subject: basal area increment
  topic: keywords
subject: growth loss
  topic: keywords
subject: multilevel Bayesian model
  topic: keywords
creator: Joane S. Elleouet
creator: David W. Lane
creator: Lindsay S. Bulman
creator: Yvette L. Dickinson
creator: Stuart Fraser
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Joane S. Elleouet, David W. Lane, Lindsay S. Bulman, Yvette L. Dickinson, Stuart Fraser (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-25
publication date: 2025-09-25
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x434x

Use of geospatial technologies in New Zealand’s plantationforestry sector – a decade of change
type: item
description: Background: Geospatial technologies have emerged as powerful tools for optimising forest management, improving operational precision, and supporting data-driven decision-making. This study aims to understand the technologies adopted by the New Zealand plantation forest industry and identify any barriers to the uptake of geospatial tools. This is the third such study, following comparable surveys in 2013 and 2018. Methods: An online survey was sent to 29 organisations in New Zealand’s forestry sector. Topics included organisation demographics, data acquisition, positioning technology, remote sensing technologies, software, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Specifically, the survey focused on five remote sensing technologies: aerial photography, aerial videography, multispectral imagery, hyperspectral imagery, and LiDAR. Each section contained questions relating to the acquisition and application of the remote sensing technology and the software used for data processing. Questions were included to ascertain barriers to adoption. To identify changes in technology usage and uptake, results were compared to the 2013 and 2018 studies. Results: Twenty-seven of the 29 queried organisations responded, resulting in a 93% response rate. Responding organisations managed 1,283,000 hectares (74% of New Zealand’s plantation forest estate), with estate sizes ranging from about 7,000 to 200,000 hectares. Data acquisition from online portals included aerial imagery (100%), property ownership data (96%), and elevation data (89%), primarily from the Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) Data Service. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology was universally employed. All respondents acquired aerial photography. In addition, 67% acquired multispectral imagery, 4% acquired hyperspectral imagery, and 93% acquired LiDAR data. The AI topic was surveyed for the first time and the technology was used by 30% of respondents when working with geospatial data. The main barrier to using …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: forestry
  topic: keywords
subject: geospatial technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: GNSS
  topic: keywords
subject: GPS
  topic: keywords
subject: remote sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: UAV
  topic: keywords
creator: Cong Xu
creator: Anna Manning
creator: Ning Ye
creator: Justin Morgenroth
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Cong Xu, Anna Manning , Ning Ye, Justin Morgenroth (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x430x

Development of a height-diameter model for New Zealand grown tōtara (Podocarpus totara G. Benn. ex D. Don)
type: item
description: Background: Robust species-specific height-diameter (H-D) equations are necessary for the estimation and prediction of tree volume, yield, biomass or carbon stocks. In addition, information about height growth characteristics allows for the analysis of stand growth dynamics. But there is a general lack of species-specific growth models for most New Zealand native tree species considered for plantation and wood production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a species- and site-specific H-D model for planted lowland tōtara (Podocarpus totara G. Benn. ex D. Don). Methods: The models were developed using data from 719 individually measured trees aged 11 to 110 years from eight different sites in the North Island of New Zealand. Two different modelling approaches, traditional non-linear and linear mixed effect, were used. The process included selecting, testing, conditioning, and extending a total of 18 different equations by incorporating site-specific tree variables. Results: The most precise model predicting the H-D relationship was reported by linear mixed-effect models that include diameter at breast height (DBH at 1.4 m, cm) and age (years). The final model had a low root mean square error (RMSE, 0.21, m), mean absolute error (MAE, 0.16, m) and high R2 (0.94), which slightly increased during validation. Conclusions: The study demonstrated a robust process and reported the most plausible and parsimonious model to predict P. totara’s H-D relationship, which serves as the basis for species-specific growth dynamics. The reported models provide for the first time the opportunity to predict the H-D relationship of planted P. totara in New Zealand. This fills a long existing knowledge gap and provides forest growers and managers important decision-making information.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Podocarpus totara
  topic: keywords
subject: height-diameter function
  topic: keywords
subject: indigenous forest
  topic: keywords
subject: linear mixed-effect model
  topic: keywords
subject: growth modelling
  topic: keywords
creator: Serajis Salekin
creator: Christian Roschak
creator: Greg Steward
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Serajis Salekin, Christian Roschak, Greg Steward (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-19
publication date: 2025-06-19
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x426x

Enhancing growth and quality of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos (Bignoniaceae) seedlings by rhizobacteria inoculation
type: item
description: Background: Handroanthus impetiginosus (lavender trumpet tree) is valued for its construction, medicinal, and ecological uses. However, its slow initial growth and weak root system hinder seedling production. Rhizobacteria from the genera Bacillus and Azospirillum enhance plant growth and resilience. This study evaluated their effects on H. impetiginosus seedling development. Methods: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Experimental Nursery of Ornamental and Forestry Plants - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (UNESP/FCAV), Jaboticabal, Brazil, during the summer 2022/23. A completely randomised design included five treatments: Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, B. amyloliquefaciens, Azospirillum brasilense, and a control (no inoculation). Each treatment had four replicates of 20 plants. Seeds were sown in 280 cm³ tubes with a commercial substrate, composed of peat, vermiculite, roasted rice husk, calcined dolomitic limestone, NPK 14-16-18, and micronutrients. The rhizobacteria were inoculated at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Growth parameters (shoot height, stem diameter, root length, and biomass) were assessed at 107 days. Photosynthetic performance and microbiological colonisation were also evaluated. Data were analysed using ANOVA, Tukey’s test and Pearson correlation. Results: Azospirillum brasilense significantly enhanced growth, with the highest averages for shoot height (13.9 cm), stem diameter (1.72 mm), shoot dry mass (0.172 g), and total dry mass (0.686 g). It also improved seedling quality indices, including the Dickson Quality Index and shoot height-to-stem diameter ratio. Photosynthetic efficiency increased when inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, as indicated by greater leaf area and chlorophyll content. Colony Forming Units (CFU) analysis showed higher bacterial colonisation in the substrate, roots, and aerial parts of A. brasilense-treated plants, with strong correlations between colonisation and plant growth. Conclusi…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Azospirillum
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacillus
  topic: keywords
subject: forest nurseries
  topic: keywords
subject: ipê-roxo
  topic: keywords
subject: photosynthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: plant growth promoting microorganisms
  topic: keywords
creator: Thiago Souza Campos
creator: Antonio Maricélio Borges de Souza
creator: Guilherme Rodrigues Vieira
creator: André Caturelli Braga
creator: Carlos Henrique Barbosa Santos
creator: Everlon Cid Rigobelo
creator: Kathia Fernandes Lopes Pivetta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Thiago Souza Campos, Antonio Maricélio Borges de Souza, Guilherme Rodrigues Vieira (Author); André Caturelli Braga; Carlos Henrique Barbosa Santos, Everlon Cid Rigobelo, Kathia Fernandes Lopes Pivetta (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-08
publication date: 2025-06-08
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x419x

Are uncrewed aerial spraying systems the future for forestry pesticide application?
type: item
description: Background: Pesticide application is a primary method for managing weeds, insect pests and pathogens in New Zealand’s forests. Apart from some manual spot spraying, most pesticide applications are made using helicopters, with herbicides the most widely used pesticide class. Current aerial application practices have evolved into efficient operations designed to provide a balance between performance criteria, i.e. maximising treatment efficacy, minimising unwanted environmental impacts (e.g. spray drift), and maximising productivity while minimising cost. Over the last decade, there has been a proliferation of relatively small, battery-powered, multi-rotor uncrewed aerial spraying systems (UASS) but their use to date in New Zealand forestry has been limited. This paper assesses the potential role of UASS in forest management and, where opportunities exist, identifies barriers slowing their adoption. Methods: Publications on spray application in New Zealand forestry and use of UASS in both New Zealand and internationally were identified by conducting a Google Scholar literature search using a range of relevant keywords, and the retrieved studies were reviewed systematically. Unpublished reports from the New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd and Forest Growers Research Ltd were also considered. Information from the reviews was assessed critically, synthesised, and used to evaluate several potential forestry use cases for UASS. Results: Several potential use cases for UASS were identified along with a set of research and development needs to support and accelerate the adoption of UASS into forest management operations and to provide regulators with the means to apply appropriate risk management measures. Based on the literature analysis, the opportunity for UASS, at least in the near term, is to realise the concept of ‘precision spraying’ rather than to replace conventional aircraft carrying out broadcast applications over large areas. Conclusions: Recent UASS techno…
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Aerial application
  topic: keywords
subject: pest control
  topic: keywords
subject: spray drift
  topic: keywords
subject: pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: unmanned aerial spraying system
  topic: keywords
subject: unmanned aerial vehicle
  topic: keywords
subject: weed control
  topic: keywords
creator: Brian Richardson
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Brian Richardson (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-05
publication date: 2024-12-05
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x407x

New probability density function for biopopulations modelling
type: item
description: Background: Biological populations were studied to understand their ecology and to evaluate the relationships between living beings that comprise them. Mathematical functions used in probabilistic models should present multifunctionality, sensitivity, and flexibility to appropriately describe a natural phenomenon. The objective of this study was to develop a new probabilistic distribution with five parameters to maximize its flexibility and ensure a better goodness of fit when compared to other important distributions, such as Beta, Burr, Silva and Pareto. Methods: New distribution estimators were derived using the mathematical expectation of central and dispersion moments. Estimated values of the parameters were obtained using an optimization process developed by Abel Soares Siqueira, research software engineer at the Netherlands eScience Center in Amsterdam. Data for the application of the developed distribution method were collected at different sites in Brazil, where asymmetry and kurtosis were detected. Results: The Pellico-Behling Probability Distribution (5P) was applied to fit the datasets for Cariniana legalis, Acacia mearnsii, and Eucalyptus saligna. For the average mortality of 124 species, it was used with (4P). The distribution fitted to sampled datasets was compared with the fitted Beta and Burr (4P) distributions, except for Silva’s polynomial distribution that was fitted to the heights of the species Eucalyptus saligna and the Pareto distribution to mortality of 124 tropical species from a fragment of a semideciduous seasonal forest, to evaluate and verify its potential and robustness. Conclusions: The new distribution with five parameters is flexible and produced better goodness of fit than those obtained from the other distributions used for comparative purposes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transformed Beta
  topic: keywords
subject: asymmetry
  topic: keywords
subject: aggregative method
  topic: keywords
subject: ecological experiments
  topic: keywords
subject: flexibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Sylvio Péllico Netto
creator: Alexandre Behling
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sylvio Péllico Netto, Alexandre Behling (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs562026x413x

Uniformity measures for young Eucalyptus sp. plantations using attributes extracted from UAV flights
type: item
description: Background: Studies show that forest uniformity has a direct correlation with productivity, and uniformity measures can serve as indicators of the silvicultural quality of plantations. In this context, this work aimed to determine uniformity and survival in young Eucalyptus sp. plantations using attributes obtained from passive sensors boarded on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Methods: Tree height was underestimated by the UAV compared to those measured in the Quality Forest Inventory (QFI). Thus, a correction factor applied to size classes was proposed to estimate these heights. The plantations’ uniformity was obtained through the uniformity indices (UI). The UIs were spatialised and integrated, resulting in two uniform surfaces, with and without planting failures. Results: The UAV survival estimates did not show significant differences compared to the inventory estimates at the 1% or the 5% significance levels. The classification of uniformity surfaces showed that the Eucalyptus saligna Sm plantation was the least uniform compared to the E. grandis W. Hill × E. urophylla S. T. Blake plantations. Conclusions: Measures of survival and uniformity by the UAV can be jointly employed to generate uniformity surfaces and to determine the areas that need more attention from silvicultural management.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Forest uniformity
  topic: keywords
subject: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
  topic: keywords
subject: Silvicultural management
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Adriane Avelhaneda Mallmann
creator: Ana Paula Dalla Corte
creator: Alexandre Behling
creator: Rubén Manso
creator: Kauana Engel
creator: Claiton Nardini
creator: Iací Dandara Santos Brasil
creator: José Augusto Spiazzi Favarin
creator: Jonathan William Trautenmüller
creator: Gabriel Agostini Orso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adriane Avelhaneda Mallmann, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Alexandre Behling, Rubén Manso, Kauana Engel, Claiton Nardini, Iací Dandara Santos Brasil, José Augusto Spiazzi Favarin, Jonathan William Trautenmüller, Gabriel Agostini Orso (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-14
publication date: 2025-05-14
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x411x

Forest-fire interactions, impacts, and implications: a focus on mangroves
type: item
description: Background: Fire plays a key role in the world’s wetland ecosystems, affecting the fundamental aspects of their ecological functioning. The increased frequency of wildfires continues to exert a significant influence on the succession of mangrove ecosystems and the spatial distribution of species. Numerous studies have attempted to highlight the effect of fires on forest ecosystem function and integrity; however, the results are inconclusive. In particular, it remains uncertain whether forest fires have direct impacts and implications on mangrove ecosystems, a forest type known for its distinct characteristics and low ignition rates due to high moisture levels. Methods: We have conducted a comprehensive review of over 120 relevant scholarly articles found through formal searches of literature and citation databases and by surveying relevant publications to identify and examine the interactions, prevalence, and implications of forest fires in mangrove ecosystems globally. We have also synthesised the impacts of recurrent fires on the numerous ecological goods and services offered by mangroves and highlighted the existing literature gaps and directions for future research. Results: Mangrove forest fires are prevalent in many countries across the world with varying distributions of forested areas. While there are numerous causes of wildfires in mangroves, most occurrences are due to a combination of natural dry periods (El Niño events) and anthropogenic activities, which may deliberately or accidentally increase fire regimes. There are many negative effects of mangrove forest fires which can affect the goods and services provided to the environment and society, including habitat loss, pollution, and wildlife destruction. However, our findings have highlighted some cases where wildfires have positive effects on mangrove ecosystems by encouraging nutrient enrichment and habitat expansion. Our review reports numerous literature gaps with high priorities for future research…
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: droughts
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystems
  topic: keywords
subject: El Niño fires
  topic: keywords
subject: forest fires
  topic: keywords
subject: mangrove swamps
  topic: keywords
subject: mangrove vegetation
  topic: keywords
subject: mangroves
  topic: keywords
subject: wetland fires
  topic: keywords
subject: wildfires
  topic: keywords
creator: Sabrina Dookie
creator: Abdullah Adil Ansari
creator: Sirpaul Jaikishun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sabrina Dookie, Professor Abdullah Adil Ansari, Dr. Sirpaul Jaikishun (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-07
publication date: 2025-03-07
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x405x

Total plant biomass, carbon stock, and species- and age-specific allometry for 12 of New Zealand’s early-colonising indigenous shrub and tree species to 5 years of age
type: item
description: Background: Changes in biomass and carbon stocks of open-spaced plantings are important considerations in the restoration of biodiversity and ecological function of New Zealand’s degraded (non-forested) landscapes and streamside margins. Species- and age-specific allometric relationships of biomass and carbon stocks were developed for a diverse range of indigenous seral shrub and tree species during their juvenile growth period. Methods: Whole plants of Coprosma robusta Raoul (karamu), Plagianthus regius (Poit.) Hochr. (lowland ribbonwood), Sophora tetraptera J.S.Muell. (eastern kōwhai), Pittosporum eugenoides (Cunn.) (lemonwood), Pittosporum tenuifolium (Gaertner) (kōhūhū), Hoheria populnea A.Cunn. (North Island lacebark), Myrsine australis (A.Rich) Allan (māpou), Pseudopanax arboreus (Murray) Philipson (fivefinger), Cordyline australis (G. Forst.) Endl. (cabbage tree), Knightia excelsa (R.Br.) (rewarewa), Leptospermum scoparium (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst (mānuka), and Coriaria arborea (Linds) (tree tutu) were planted as 2-year-old nursery-raised seedlings in a plot-based field trial. Plants of each species were destructively sampled annually over 5 consecutive years and species-specific allometric equations developed for foliage, branch, stem, total above-ground biomass (AGB), total below-ground biomass (BGB), and whole plant biomass to calculate carbon stocks. Results: In each year and for each of the 12 test species, root-collar diameter over bark (RCD) gave the best fit for plant height, foliage, branch, stem, total AGB, total BGB, and whole plant biomass. At age 5 years, Coriaria arborea and Cordyline australis accumulated significantly more AGB (P = 0.05) than the remaining species, none of which were not significantly different from one another and each species had allocated more than 20% of their total biomass to BGB, with BGB:AGB ratios of between 0.24 and 0.44. Species-specific mean tree biomass values at this age ranged from 0.5 to 14.0 kg per plant. The plan…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Above- and below-ground biomass
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon sequestration
  topic: keywords
subject: degraded landscapes
  topic: keywords
subject: destructive sampling
  topic: keywords
subject: native plants
  topic: keywords
subject: restoration
  topic: keywords
creator: Michael Marden
creator: Norman William Herbert Mason
creator: Suzanne Lambie
creator: Donna Rowan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Marden, Norman William Herbert Mason, Suzanne Lambie, Donna Rowan (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-26
publication date: 2025-02-26
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x387x

Modelling above-ground biomass of Eucalyptus bosistoana F.Muell. and Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely
type: item
description: Background: Estimation of forest biomass has become critical as afforestation has been proposed to sequester carbon from the atmosphere in order to mitigate climate change. New Zealand Dryland Forestry Innovation (NZDFI), in collaboration with the University of Canterbury’s School of Forestry and the Marlborough Research Centre, has initiated a research and development programme to gather seed, breed, propagate, identify site limitations, model growth, investigate silviculture, and develop wood products from a suite of eucalypts that grow durable heartwood. The aim is to supply naturally durable wood for uses that formerly required either imports of durable wood or copper-chrome-arsenate treated pine. Methods: As part of a project examining land-use and greenhouse gas budget case studies in Marlborough, New Zealand, we collected and summarised data describing above-ground biomass (AGB) of Eucalyptus bosistoana F.Meull., and Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely trees across a wide range of combinations of height (h) and diameter at breast height (dbh). One hundred and eleven trees were felled, separated into stems, branches and foliage, and the components were weighed in the field. Subsamples of these tree parts were collected and weighed in the field after separating bark from stem discs. The subsamples were dried in an oven at 105°C, and then weighed. Ratios of dry to wet weights for samples were applied to total green weights from the field in order to calculate AGBs of tree components. Systems of non-linear equations were simultaneously fitted to the data to ensure additivity; that sums of estimates of tree part AGBs versus dhb, h and slenderness (h/dbh) equalled estimates from a model of total tree AGB versus the same independent variables. The study also included the development of a plot-level estimation model of above-ground CO2-e/ha for E. globoidea and its incorporation in an on-line growth and yield simulator. Moreover, a comparison of two pathways to estimating A…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomass
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon
  topic: keywords
subject: additive non-linear equations
  topic: keywords
subject: durable eucalypts
  topic: keywords
creator: Euan G. Mason
creator: Paul Millen
creator: Ash Millen
creator: Ruth McConnochie
creator: Meike Holzenkaempfer
creator: Monika Sharma
creator: Alex Chamberlain
creator: James Burns
creator: Thomas Copeland
creator: Sebastien Lallemant
creator: Christophe Robert
creator: Georgia Kennedy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Euan G. Mason, Paul Millen, Ash Millen, Ruth McConnochie, Meike Holzenkaempfer, Monika Sharma, Alex Chamberlain, James Burns, Thomas Copeland, Sebastien Lallemant, Christophe Robert, Georgia Kennedy (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x396x

Potential of high- or low-solubility calcium to correct stem sinuosity in fast-growing Pinus radiata D. Don
type: item
description: Background: Pinus radiata D. Don is widely planted in Chile due to its fast growth and adaptability to various soil types and environmental conditions. However, the species is prone to stem sinuosity due to factors such as genetics, environmental stresses including nutrient availability, and management practices. This study assessed the efficacy of either low- or high-solubility calcium (Ca) additions in reducing stem sinuosity in young radiata pine plantations grown on Andisols. Methods: We compared growth and stem sinuosity of a 3-year-old pine plantation subject to two types of Ca sources: agricultural low-solubility crushed lime (ag-lime), and finely ground pelletised high-solubility lime (pell-lime), applied at three concentrations (300 kg Ca ha-1, 600 kg Ca ha-1, 1,200 kg Ca ha-1) alongside a control. Results: Our findings revealed that both calcium sources increased the soil Ca content post-application but was only significant for the highest concentration in each case (1,200 Kg Ca ha-1). The soil Ca availability rate was higher in pell-lime treatments. Agricultural lime had no effect on growth, whereas two of the pell-lime treatments increased the basal area, the lowest concentration increased the cumulative diameter at the root collar, and the highest concentration reduced tree height. Interestingly, while pell-lime did not mitigate stem sinuosity in 3-year-old pine trees, ag-lime reduced stem sinuosity severity although this result was not correlated with soil Ca content. Notably, the ag-lime treatment at 600 kg Ca ha-1 was most effective, decreasing the proportion of severely deformed trees from 32% to 14%. Conclusions: The application of both low-solubility calcium (ag-lime) or high-solubility calcium (pell-lime) calcium increased the soil Ca content. Ag-lime treatments showed no adverse impact on stand growth and led to a reduction in stem sinuosity being the most effective treatment applying 600 kg Ca ha-1. Pell-lime treatments had mixed effects on gro…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: stem sinuosity
  topic: keywords
subject: liming
  topic: keywords
subject: calcium
  topic: keywords
subject: Andisols
  topic: keywords
subject: Chile
  topic: keywords
creator: Claudia Garrido-Ruiz
creator: Rafael Rubilar
creator: Daniel Bozo
creator: Matías Pincheira
creator: Alvaro Zapata
creator: Oscar Jara
creator: Rachel Cook
creator: David Carter
creator: Timothy Albaugh
creator: Otavio Campoe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Claudia Garrido-Ruiz, Rafael Rubilar, Daniel Bozo, Matías Pincheira, Alvaro Zapata, Oscar Jara, Rachel Cook, David Carter, Timothy Albaugh, Otavio Campoe (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-14
publication date: 2025-03-14
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x395x

Germination dynamics of Nothofagus glauca seeds: provenance-specific responses to temperature variation
type: item
description: Background: The influence of temperature on seed germination is crucial, and climate change effects on plant distribution are significant. To grasp climate change’s impact on terrestrial ecosystems, understanding plant adaptation to temperature shifts is vital. Nothofagus glauca, a vulnerable species endemic to Chile’s Mediterranean region, is the most representative species of South American Mediterranean forests. Methods: Seeds of N. glauca were collected from two Andean provenances during mast years (2017, 2022) and processed according to the standards of the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). Germination experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions in the absence of light, testing four temperature levels (18°C, 22°C, 26°C, and 30°C) and two provenances (El Colorado, located further north, and San Fabian, located further south). Seeds were pretreated with gibberellic acid to break physiological dormancy, and germination parameters were assessed over a 40-day period. Results: Temperature had a significant impact on germination process, although the effect varied by provenance. The optimal germination capacity temperature was 22°C for the northern origin and 26°C for the southern origin. In both provenances, germination capacity remained relatively high at temperatures of 18°C and 30°C, suggesting that these temperatures did not approach the minimum or base and maximum or ceiling temperature thresholds. Furthermore, no clear trend was observed in the germination start day for either provenance. Significant differences were observed in average germination speed and germination vigour between the two provenances. Considering all variables, the optimal temperature differs between them (22°C for El Colorado and 26°C for San Fabian). Conclusions: Temperature’s pivotal role in germination and diverse provenance responses highlight potential impacts on genetic distribution and conservation. Understanding provenance-specific adaptation to c…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hualo
  topic: keywords
subject: seeds
  topic: keywords
subject: Mediterranean plants
  topic: keywords
subject: seed provenance
  topic: keywords
creator: Rómulo Santelices-Moya
creator: Antonio M. Cabrera-Ariza
creator: Cristian Bobadilla-Bustos
creator: Miguel Aguilera-Peralta
creator: Patricio Ramos
creator: Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rómulo Santelices-Moya, Antonio Cabrera-Ariza, Cristian Bovadilla-Bustos, Miguel Peralta-Aguilera, Patricio Ramos, Rafael Navarro-Cerrillo (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-11
publication date: 2025-04-11
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x386x

Variations in the hierarchical architecture of Nothofagus obliqua: evidence from juvenile naturally-regenerated trees and from seedlings obtained by controlled crosses of selected individuals
type: item
description: Background: Many tree species with potential for wood production present high intra-specific variations in the extent of trunk differentiation (i.e. hierarchical architecture). The identification of multiple-scale traits related to hierarchical architecture could improve selection criteria for domestication. Methods: We investigated the hierarchical architecture of Nothofagus obliqua, a valuable species for timber production, but with high structural variability. Young trees in even-aged natural regeneration gaps, and seedlings derived from controlled crosses and open pollination were studied. For the second approach, trees with contrasting degree of hierarchical architecture were manually crossed. In both, juvenile plants and seedlings, we analyzed trunk growth unit traits and hierarchical architecture indices based on the relative size and branching angle of main branches. Results: In regeneration gaps, hierarchical architecture was positively related to height and diameter. Apex persistence, the number of sylleptic branches and mean internode length were indicative of larger and more hierarchical trees. Some support is provided to the idea that adult trees with a notably hierarchical architecture could produce young trees with early signs of a hierarchical architecture. In seedlings, hierarchical architecture was negatively related to basal diameter. Conclusions: Some growth unit traits that differed among progenies and were related to hierarchical architecture could be considered for the development of selection criteria for young trees.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: controlled-crosses
  topic: keywords
subject: hierarchy
  topic: keywords
subject: domestication
  topic: keywords
subject: annual shoot
  topic: keywords
creator: Cristian Daniel Torres
creator: Amaru Magnin
creator: Leonardo Ariel Gallo
creator: Marina Stecconi
creator: Mariana Salgado
creator: Claudia Maricel Sosa
creator: Teresa Schinelli Casares
creator: Javier Guido Puntieri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Cristian Daniel Torres, Amaru Magnin, Leonardo Ariel Gallo, Marina Stecconi, Mariana Salgado, Claudia Maricel Sosa, Teresa Schinelli Casares, Javier Guido Puntieri (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-10
publication date: 2025-05-10
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x381x

Diameter distributions and spatial distribution patterns of tree species are important for planning sustainable management in natural forests in the eastern Amazon
type: item
description: Background: Do tree species that have wood of high commercial value which are being extracted in the Saracá-Taquera National Forest have diameter and spatial distribution patterns that enable continuous production of timber to meet the criteria of ecological conservation and sustainable management of their populations? To answer this question, we evaluated diameter and spatial distributions of 15 commercial tree species of ecological and economic importance, in a concession area in the Saracá-Taquera National Forest, Eastern Amazon. Methods: The data were obtained from a forest inventory carried out in 24 50 m × 50 m plots, considering a minimum diameter of 30 cm. The 15 species were selected based on three criteria: importance value index; volume stock; and commercial value of the wood. The trees were distributed into diameter classes with an interval of 10 cm between them to analyse the diameter distribution. The spatial distribution patterns of the species were analysed using the univariate Ripley’s K function. Results: The results showed that the presence of large trees and the aggregated spatial distribution in most of the tree species studied may determine the feasibility of continuous timber production to meet conservation and sustainable management criteria. The spatial distributions of stocks should guide planning of forest management activities, including pre-logging, logging and post-logging activities. However, the low population density of most species suggests that logging must be well planned to avoid population declines. Although forest management on a sustainable basis has advanced substantially in recent years in the Amazon, the factors that promote different diameter and spatial distributions of species are still considered complex and little studied. Conclusions: The results point to a need to expand research on this topic in managed areas, including the same technological approach as the work described here. This type of analysis can constitute …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Amazon rainforest
  topic: keywords
subject: Saraca-Taquera
  topic: keywords
subject: management of tropical natural forests
  topic: keywords
subject: Ripley’s K Function
  topic: keywords
creator: Quétila Souza Barros
creator: Evandro Ferreira da Silva
creator: Nívea Maria Mafra Rodrigues
creator: Brenda Letícia Rodrigues
creator: Adriano Ribeiro de Mendonça
creator: Gilson Fernandes da Silva
creator: João Olegário Pereira de Carvalho
creator: Tatiana da Cunha Castro
creator: Marcus Vinicio Neves d'Oliveira
creator: Erica Karolina Barros de Oliveira
creator: Jeferson Pereira Martins Silva
creator: Quinny Soares Rocha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Quétila Souza Barros, Evandro Ferreira da Silva, Nívea Maria Mafra Rodrigues, Brenda Letícia Rodrigues, Adriano Ribeiro de Mendonça, Gilson Fernandes da Silva, João Olegário Pereira de Carvalho, Tatiana da Cunha Castro, Marcus Vinicio Neves d'Oliveira, Erica Karolina Barros de Oliveira, Jeferson Pereira Martins Silva, Quinny Soares Rocha (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-26
publication date: 2025-04-26
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x374x

A qualitative study of the machine operator’s experience of wellbeing in the New Zealand logging industry
type: item
description: Background: Prompted by the need to reduce exposure to the physical hazards of the logging workplace, more of Aotearoa New Zealand’s loggers now find themselves operating a machine rather than working ‘on the ground’. This change has enabled more production to be achieved with less workers and with a significant reduction in the rate of serious harm incidents. However, mechanisation is not without its risks to operator wellbeing. This study explores the wellbeing of operators and the psychosocial demands and coping adaptations that contributed to that experience. Methods: Twenty-seven operators were recruited from three regions to participate in a semi-structured interview to explore their experiences of stress and wellbeing. References with consistent meaning were first, coded, and then, using Axial Coding, themes or categories were identified. Defining properties for each of these categories were then used to conceptualise the relationships between the themes. Results: Stress and wellbeing were described as a specific set of experiences resulting from the adaptations participants made in the face of threats to production, a sense of place within the crew and to family wellbeing. Those adaptations were arranged in two pathways that were dependent on what resources were available to the participants. If left entirely to their own skills and time, the participants would cope with threats by working longer hours. If through the decisions their forest owner / manager and contractor made, they had access to sufficient supply chain capacity, work security and job control supported by an effective organisational culture and interpersonal relationships, they could access the work-life balance that was at the heart of their sense of wellbeing. Conclusions: This research has provided an inventory of the psychosocial hazards faced by logging machine operators working in Aotearoa and the resources that enable them to cope. In doing so it has suggested that the potential for op…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychosocial hazards
  topic: keywords
subject: stress
  topic: keywords
subject: wellbeing
  topic: keywords
subject: resources
  topic: keywords
creator: Trevor Best
creator: Rien Visser
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Trevor Best, Rien Visser (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-05-31
publication date: 2024-05-31
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x369x

Assessing the impacts of experimental mid-rotation forest fertiliser treatments on water quality
type: item
description: Background: Planted forests face on-going challenges to increase productivity while remaining within sustainable limits. Forest management activities that potentially impact on water quality are under increasing public scrutiny and regulatory controls. New Zealand’s forest industry is experimenting with aerially applied, mid-rotation fertiliser treatments as a sustainable option to increase productivity from planted forests. However, the effect of such applications on water quality requires investigation. Methods: Field trials were established to assess the effects of two conventional fertiliser applications (either granular di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) or granular urea) and a new-to-forestry liquid foliar fertiliser blend, on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in stream water of three planted forest sites representing a range of New Zealand climatic and soil environments. Results: Overall, the liquid foliar fertiliser treatment had the least impact on water quality compared with the two conventional fertiliser treatments. On the day of fertiliser application, when compared with pre-treatment in-stream concentrations, the urea treatments resulted in short-term increases in total nitrogen. The DAP treatment increased total phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations with peak concentrations declining within hours. In the post-application period, any increases in nutrient concentrations in stream water were mainly associated with rainfall events within six months of application and at one site, the resumption of stream flow following a dry spell. Riparian ‘no-spray’ buffers of varying widths assisted in mediating the impacts of fertiliser applications. Conclusions: Initial evidence from these trials indicates that mid-rotation fertiliser treatments have the potential to provide an alternate management option to increase forest productivity or disease resilience with minimal or only short-term effects to water quality. However, further research on th…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: fertiliser
  topic: keywords
subject: mid-rotation
  topic: keywords
subject: New Zealand
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: nutrients
  topic: keywords
subject: phosphorus
  topic: keywords
subject: planted forest
  topic: keywords
creator: Brenda R. Baillie
creator: Joane S. Elleouet
creator: Graham W. R. Coker
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Brenda R. Baillie, Joane S. Elleouet, Graham W. R. Coker (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-21
publication date: 2024-07-21
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x356x

Assessing native woody composition, structure, and carbon stocks along elevation-climate gradients in mature Pinus radiata plantations as a baseline for transitional forestry: a regional pilot study
type: item
description: Background: The ecological science associated with transitioning exotic forest to native dominance (hereafter transitional forestry, transition forests) is currently limited, yet this form of forest has expanded rapidly. In part, this is related to forest-based carbon credit schemes which have driven large-scale afforestation in exotic trees. In other circumstances (e.g., for soil conservation or values-based reasons such as biodiversity conservation), forest owners wish to transition their exotic forest to native forest without harvest. Knowledge is required to inform management of realistic expectations for regeneration and succession both spatially and temporally. Methods: Mature (>20-year-old) Pinus radiata plantations were surveyed along three elevation-climate gradients in the Waikato region of New Zealand to explore the composition and structure (including native carbon stocks) of plantation understories and whether these parameters vary spatially over several decades. Mammalian browsing was also recorded. Results: Native woody stem densities were variable. Factors indicated as driving variability were stand age, elevation, topographic shelter, soil hydrology, solar radiation, and air temperature. On average, understories comprised five native woody species in the seedling tier, a single native species in the sapling tier, and a single native species in the tree tier. The most common species were the sub-canopy tree species Melicytus ramiflorus, Geniostoma ligustrifolium, and Aristotelia serrata. Tall old-growth species, such as Beilschmiedia tawa, Podocarpus totara, Pectinopitys ferruginea, and Prumnopitys taxifolia, occurred in only particular circumstances and on average at densities too low to form a meaningful part of a future forest canopy. Average species richness was low, although some diversity hotspots occurred. Carbon stocks in native trees and tree ferns in the understories were on average 1.55±0.38 tCha–1. Heavy browsing by mammalian herbivores w…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate gradient
  topic: keywords
subject: elevation gradient
  topic: keywords
subject: forest regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: Pinus radiata
  topic: keywords
subject: transitional forestry
  topic: keywords
creator: Adam Sean Forbes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adam Sean Forbes (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-03
publication date: 2025-09-03
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x342x

Use of nitrogen-fixing plants to improve planted forest soil fertility and productivity in New Zealand: A review
type: item
description: Background: Planted forests with low fertility soils are likely to require increased inputs of nitrogen (N) to satisfy increasing productivity demands. The use of N fertilisers will become more challenging due to their increasing cost and the risk of unwanted environmental impacts. Nitrogen-fixing plants may provide an alternative option to chemical fertilisers that is not only cheaper but has a lower greenhouse gas footprint. Methods: Information on N-fixing plants was collated from available literature, focusing on species previously associated with planted forests as well as other exotic N-fixing trees and New Zealand native plants not used in commercial planted forests. Results: Benefits to planted forest growth in New Zealand by N-fixing plants have been proven in only a few cases. Lupinus arboreus Sims was used in the 1970s and 1980s to increase N inputs in a planted Pinus radiata D.Don coastal forest, and improved P. radiata productivity was demonstrated. Productivity gains ceased when a blight disease infected the lupin population. Many N-fixing plants have been shown to tolerate low fertility soils and establish in planted forests, but there is limited information on their N contribution to the soil, and whether this N contribution increases P. radiata productivity. Such N-fixing plants include Lotus species, clover (Trifolium species) and weeds such as gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) and broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link), which are commonly found in association with P. radiata forests. New Zealand native N-fixing shrubs may be suitable but there is limited information available describing N-fixation or forestry management for native plant species. Conclusions: Nitrogen-fixing plants are a valuable resource, which when managed properly could be used for enhancing productivity. Issues with pests and disease, and limited knowledge regarding the management of N-fixing species, restricts adoption in planted forests. Well-designed research is needed to assess impact…
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: nitrogen-fixation
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed species
  topic: keywords
subject: legumes
  topic: keywords
subject: actinorhizal
  topic: keywords
subject: kōwhai
  topic: keywords
subject: nitrogen-fertiliser
  topic: keywords
subject: nutrient deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: radiata pine
  topic: keywords
subject: forest management
  topic: keywords
subject: native forestry
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicola M. Reid
creator: Kathryn Wigley
creator: Aysha Nusrath
creator: Simeon J. Smaill
creator: Loretta G. Garrett
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nicola M. Reid, Kathryn Wigley, Aysha Nusrath, Simeon J. Smaill, Loretta G. Garrett (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-18
publication date: 2024-04-18
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x329x

Evaluation of forest areas and land use/cover (LULC) changes with a combination of remote sensing, intensity analysis and CA-Markov modelling
type: item
description: Background: Land use and land cover change (LULC) is crucial for maintaining the integrity of ecosystems’ structure and function, and thus regular measurement and monitoring of LULC are necessary. Methods: In this study, the temporal and spatial changes in forest areas and land cover in the province of Sinop, located in the north of Turkey, were analysed by intensity analysis for two 10-year periods from 2002-2012 to 2022, and 2032 and 2042 forecast LULC maps were generated using the cellular automata CA-Markov model. In the study, datasets were prepared using forest type maps and Landsat images, and the images were classified using various classification techniques. Results: The results indicated that forest areas increased by 23% (37,823.38 ha) from 2002 to 2022, with the mixed forest category showing a decrease of 22% (12,245.43 ha) within this. In non-forest areas, a significant increase of 72% was observed in the settlement category, while a decrease of 63% was noted in the agricultural category. According to the intensity analysis, the rate of change in LULC is faster from 2002 to 2012 than from 2012 to 2022. In both periods, the settlement and agricultural categories have predominantly targeted each other’s losses. According to the simulation results of land use/cover from 2022 to 2042, a 0.50% increase in total forest area, a 2.87% increase in settlements, and a decrease of 2.65% and 0.71% in agriculture and water classes, respectively, are anticipated. Conclusions: The overall results suggest that it can contribute to setting an appropriate development goal, especially for forest planners and policymakers, to regulate land use changes to achieve higher carbon stocks and maintain balance in global climate scenarios.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: LULC
  topic: keywords
subject: satellite images
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: forest cover changes
  topic: keywords
subject: intensity analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasan Aksoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hasan Aksoy (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-15
publication date: 2024-12-15
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x328x

Effects of container size and growing media on growth of argan (Argania spinosa) seedlings in Morocco
type: item
description: Background: Argan (Argania spinosa) is an important arid species in Morocco, hence the need to undertake nursery practices that promote its regeneration and sustainability in a vulnerable environment. This study aimed to examine the effect of container size and growing medium on morphological traits, biomass, as well as root morphology of one-year-old argan seedlings in the Marrakech region of Morocco. Methods: Three container sizes of 300, 400, and 500 cm3 were selected in which seven types of growing media with varying proportions of acacia compost, crushed cypress cones, Barbary thuja, eucalyptus capsule composts, and potting soil were used. Subsequently, measurements of plant growth variables and biomass, as well as identification of root deformations were carried out. Results: Our results show that container size and growth medium strongly influenced (p < 0.001) morphological traits and biomass of argan seedlings. Growth was highest in seedlings grown in the 500 cm3 container on substrates composed of both 100% acacia compost and 50% potting soil + 50% acacia compost, while it was lowest in seedlings in the 300 cm3 container with the compost composed of a mixture of equal proportions of cypress and Barbary thuja, and eucalyptus. While the main root deformities were hooked roots (14.1%) and root eccentricity (13.0%), seedlings with multiple deformities were by far the most common (38.4%). The size of the container did not seem to influence their occurrence, whereas about 35% of the deformations were observed in seedlings grown on substrates composed of mixtures of potting soil and acacia compost, cypress cones, and Barbary thuja and eucalyptus composts. Conclusions: This study shows the importance of adopting an adequate protocol to allow the regeneration of forest species with the necessary characteristics to survive the often-challenging environmental conditions prevailing not only in southern Morocco but also across most of the country.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Forest nursery
  topic: keywords
subject: seedling quality
  topic: keywords
subject: root architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: container size
  topic: keywords
subject: growing medium
  topic: keywords
subject: Argania spinosa
  topic: keywords
creator: Youssef Dallahi
creator: Amal Boujraf
creator: Abdelaziz Smouni
creator: Mouna Fahr
creator: Ahmed El Aboudi
creator: Collins Ashianga Orlando
creator: Kamal Laabou
creator: Abderrahim Ferradous
creator: Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Abidine
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Youssef Dallahi, Amal Boujraf, Abdelaziz Smouni, Mouna Fahr, Ahmed El Aboudi, Collins Ashianga Orlando, Kamal Laabou, Abderrahim Ferradous, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Abidine (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-07
publication date: 2024-09-07
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x285x

Diversity and growth patterns of woody species in the Mediterranean Coastal range of Chile: A case study in Altos de Cantillana
type: item
description: Background: The Altos de Cantillana mountain range (ACMR) in central Chile is composed of different vegetation communities, and is currently a priority site for conservation, due to its high endemism, high anthropogenic pressure and vulnerability to climate change. Research on biodiversity and carbon stocks in ACMR is essential to comprehend the resilience of these forests and to define conservation strategies. This study examines the spatial variability of biodiversity and tree biomass patterns along the entire altitudinal gradient of the ACMR. Methods: Six tree species communities were studied in Altos de Cantillana Nature Sanctuary, along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 415 to 2010 m. Woody species regeneration and inventory plots, as well as dendrochronological sampling in ~150 trees were carried out. Diversity patterns were analyzed using the Jaccard index and alpha index. Growth patterns of dominant trees species were analyzed by ring-width and trunk biomass chronologies, focusing on the recent megadrought period since 2010. Results: The forest inventory revealed a notable decline in alfa diversity patterns with increasing elevation. The moist sclerophyllous forest exhibited the highest diversity. However, we did not find a pattern between elevation and diversity (and abundance) at the seed regeneration inventory level. Additionally, we identified three clusters of woody species similarity: (i) sclerophyllous, shrubs and hygrophilous forest (<1,000 m.a.s.l.); (ii) high-elevation sclerophyllous forest (>1,500 m.a.s.l); and (iii) deciduous forests (~ 2,000 m.a.s.l). Furthermore, declining growth rates were observed in all communities studied beginning in the 1980s, with even a stronger reduction in radial growth (35% on average) and biomass accumulation (56% on average) when comparing the megadrought with six decades earlier. Conclusions: We concluded that there is a negative correlation between woody species diversity and elevation. However, there are no a…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: biodiversity hotspot
  topic: keywords
subject: biogeorgraphic gradient
  topic: keywords
subject: dendroecology
  topic: keywords
subject: forest inventory
  topic: keywords
subject: megadrought
  topic: keywords
subject: seedling density
  topic: keywords
creator: Stephanie Gibson-Carpintero
creator: Anahi Ocampo-Melgar
creator: Alejandro Venegas-González
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Stephanie Gibson-Carpintero, Anahi Ocampo-Melgar, Alejandro Venegas González (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-01
publication date: 2024-04-01
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x318x

A broad analysis of vegetative rescue and propagation of Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.) G. Sancho
type: item
description: Background: The primary method for propagating forest species is through seeds, which is cost-effective and ensures genetic adaptability to environmental changes. However, germination issues and genetic variability can hinder standardisation of productivity. In the case of Moquiniastrum polymorphum, a species known for its remarkable wood quality and pharmacological potential, seedling production and genetic improvement efforts have been limited. This study focused on the rescue and vegetative propagation of M. polymorphum, which are crucial steps for species selection and genetic enhancement. Methods: Protocols were tested to rescue and propagate propagules from different individuals collected in Lages, Santa Catarina (2020/2022). The vegetative rescue tests were: (I) epicormic sprouting induction through girdling techniques and detached branches; and (II) influence of individuals, disposition sense and time on the epicormic sprouting of detached branches. Vegetative propagation analyses included: (I) cutting according to individuals; and (II) relation between rooting environments and individuals on cutting. Results: The results indicated that the girdling techniques were not efficient for vegetative rescue, as only 8% of individuals produced epicormic sprouts. In contrast, detached branches showed a much higher success rate of 80% for epicormic sprouting, revealing significant differences in sprout development among individuals over time. Vertically oriented branches produced nearly three times more sprouts compared to horizontally oriented branches. Regarding vegetative propagation, certain individuals exhibited remarkable rooting rates of over 75%. However, no conclusive results were obtained when using epicormic materials or when considering different rooting environments. Conclusions: Given the significance of rescue and vegetative propagation in plant genetic improvement and the limited research addressing these aspects in M. polymorphum, this study holds sub…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: cambará
  topic: keywords
subject: detached branches
  topic: keywords
subject: girdling
  topic: keywords
subject: rooting environment
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexandra Cristina Schatz Sá
creator: Bruno Nascimento
creator: Bruno Jan Schramm Corrêa
creator: Guilherme Neto dos Santos
creator: Marcio Carlos Navroski
creator: Luciana Magda de Oliveira
creator: Adelar Mantovani
creator: Mariane de Oliveira Pereira
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Alexandra Cristina Schatz Sá, Bruno Nascimento, Bruno Jan Schramm Corrêa, Guilherme Neto dos Santos, Marcio Carlos Navroski, Luciana Magda de Oliveira, Adelar Mantovani, Mariane de Oliveira Pereira (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-20
publication date: 2024-09-20
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x326x

Seed thermo-priming accelerates the growth of Ceiba glaziovii (Kutze) K.Schum. seedlings
type: item
description: Background: Global climate changes have caused temperature increases that can harm plant development, especially the initial growth and establishment of seedlings for the recovery of degraded areas. However, there are species in which these losses are attenuated when the seeds are thermo-primed to sublethal temperatures. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of seed heat conditioning on germination and initial growth of Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K. Schum seedlings, an endemic species occurring in seasonally tropical dry forest in Brazil. Methods: Seeds of C. glaziovii were exposed to 70 oC for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes as pre-germination treatments. The control did not undergo heat treatment. Germination variables, vegetative growth, survival rate and normal leaves were evaluated. Results: Thermo-priming negatively affected the germination proportion of C. glaziovii seeds with increasing exposure time. However, it significantly enhanced vegetative growth and seedling survival rate of this species after transplanting, without impairing the formation of normal leaves. Conclusions: Thermo-priming of seeds was found to produce more vigorous seedlings of Ceiba glaziovii.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: High temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: barriguda
  topic: keywords
subject: vegetative growth
  topic: keywords
subject: paineira-branca
  topic: keywords
subject: germination
  topic: keywords
subject: survival
  topic: keywords
creator: José Laurindo dos Santos Júnior
creator: Elizamar Ciríaco da Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 José Laurindo dos Santos Júnior, Elizamar Ciríaco da Silva (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-03-05
publication date: 2024-03-05
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x264x

Mid-term results and prospects for irregular shelterwood systems in hardwood-dominated temperate rainforests in Chile
type: item
description: Background: When possible, silviculture should aim to develop mixed-species multi-aged forests that can be more productive and resilient to disturbances, provide high-quality timber and sustain greater amounts of biomass. Southern Chile is covered by temperate rainforests dominated by a mixture of tree species, such as the Evergreen forest type (EFT). The irregular shelterwood regeneration method is a novel approach aimed at developing irregular multi-aged forests following the retention of the residual forest (no final cut). Here, we report mid-term results after implementing these cuttings in two EFT forests in the Coastal Range and discuss its prospects for other temperate rainforests. Methods: Two forests were sampled and evaluated in terms of composition, structure and growth, focusing on the new cohorts developed or released after the irregular shelterwood cuts. One forest was cut in a low-productivity site at 600 m (Hueicolla) in 1983, and the other in a medium-productivity site at 350 m (Llancahue) in 2009. In Hueicolla, 63% of the basal area was harvested from an old-growth forest where the main residual tree species were Eucryphia cordifolia, Laureliopsis philippiana and Saxegothaea conspicua. In Llancahue, 40% of the total basal area was harvested in a mature secondary forest dominated by Nothofagus dombeyi. Results: The understorey developed in Hueicolla had 3,600 trees per ha and a quadratic stand diameter of 15 cm. It was dominated by the mid-tolerant species Eucryphia cordifolia, Gevuina avellana and Lomatia ferruginea, plus the shade-tolerant Amomyrtus luma. In Llancahue, a dense lower canopy was dominated by Podocarpus salignus and Drimys winteri, both mid-tolerant species, which included 81,000 seedlings and saplings < 5 cm per hectare and 560 ingrowth 5-10 cm trees per hectare. Conclusions: The irregular shelterwood cuts allowed the development of dense understorey tree layers below the residual trees. However, the tree composition of the new coho…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ecological silviculture
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed-species silviculture
  topic: keywords
subject: tree regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: diameter growth
  topic: keywords
creator: Pablo J. Donoso
creator: Tomás Riquelme-Buitano
creator: Daniel P. Soto
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Pablo J. Donoso, Tomás Riquelme-Buitano, Daniel P. Soto (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-04-19
publication date: 2024-04-19
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs542024x323x

Indonesian timber harvesting workers’ knowledge of occupational safety and health
type: item
description: Background: Occupational accidents potentially occur in timber harvesting work. Because this work has a high accident risk, workers’ knowledge of occupational safety and health (OSH) is essential. In this study we analysed a group of Indonesian timber harvesting workers’ knowledge of OSH, particularly as it relates to operations in natural forests. Methods: We interviewed 30 people who directly undertake timber harvesting work and asked them to answer surveys containing 15 questions related to different aspects of OSH knowledge. Responses were quantified using the Likert scale and validity and reliability tests were performed. Results: The results showed that: 1) worker knowledge regarding the benefits of using personal protective equipment (PPE) was highest compared to the other 14 indicators; 2) workers had less knowledge about timber harvest planning, the meaning of occupational safety and health, safe ways of working and the frequency of work accidents when timber harvesting; and 3) validity and reliability tests showed that this survey was a valid instrument for collecting information on workers’ knowledge of OSH. Conclusions: The Indonesian timber harvesting workers surveyed had limited knowledge of the planning of tree felling, timber skidding, and loading, yet they perceive the cognition of OSH, working methods to minimise accidents, and the frequency of work accidents during timber harvesting every year. Ongoing training to improve workers’ knowledge of OSH, including correct use of personal protective equipment is important for reducing the risk of workplace accidents. The use of serious games can assist with this training.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH);
  topic: keywords
subject: work accidents
  topic: keywords
subject: timber harvesting
  topic: keywords
subject: knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: forestry workers
  topic: keywords
creator: Yuniawati Yuniawati
creator: Ane Dwi Septina
creator: Mutia Herni Ningrum
creator: Sarah Andini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yuniawati Yuniawati, Ane Dwi Septina, Mutia Herni Ningrum, Sarah Andini (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-12
publication date: 2025-02-12
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x305x

Forest and shrubland structure of Polylepis tarapacana in topographic and substrate gradients across the Argentine Altiplano
type: item
description: Background: Polylepis tarapacana (queñoa) is a species that grow from forests to shrublands in Chile, Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, reaching an elevation range of 4400-5000 m a.s.l. In Argentina, this species occurred in the Altoandina phyto-geographic eco-region, which presents scarce vegetation, and where it is the most important tree species for its great socio-economic importance. The structure of these communities and the changes related to environmental gradients are not well described in the literature. The objective was to relate topographic factors with variables of structure of the P. tarapacana communities, evaluating the occupation degree (e.g. density and crown cover) of the species. Methods: We studied P. tarapacana forests and shrublands in northern Argentina, sampling 98 plots (50–4000 m²) to measure diameter at the base (DAB-cm), dominant height (DH-cm), life forms, crown cover (CC-%), and density (DEN-n ha-1). Topographic variables (elevation, slope, aspect) and substrate type were also recorded. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to assess the influence of topography on forest structure, and univariate analyses to evaluate structural changes across life forms with topography. Results: Great heterogeneity was observed in the structure of open forests or shrublands patches of P. tarapacana, at high elevations (<4500 m a.s.l.), gentle slopes (21°) and in north aspect (95% of the plots). Topographic factors influence vegetation structure variables, e.g: elevation has a significant positive effect on DH (β = 0.105, p = 0.011), while slope (β = -0.144, p = 0.001) and eastern aspect (β = -0.083, p = 0.040) have significant negative effects on DH (F=6.85, p <0.001). Slope was the only significant variable with a positive effect on CC (β = 0.275, p = 0.001). The life forms of P. tarapacana are influenced by topographic gradients, and the tallest communities (178.2 cm DH) are found at high elevations and low slopes, mainly in areas with bare soil and …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Queñoa
  topic: keywords
subject: niche
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental factors
  topic: keywords
subject: aspect
  topic: keywords
subject: topography
  topic: keywords
subject: life forms
  topic: keywords
creator: Victoria Lien López
creator: Guillermo Martínez Pastur
creator: Juan Manuel Cellini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Victoria Lien López, Guillermo Martínez Pastur, Juan Manuel Cellini (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-13
publication date: 2025-02-13
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs552025x319x

Wood density and stiffness of New Zealand native trees and shrubs
type: item
description: Background: New Zealand’s native forests are species-rich. Little information has been documented about the properties and historic uses of the lesser-utilised species. Xylaria, archives of wood samples, can be used to obtain information on timbers which are difficult to source. Methods: Wood density and stiffness of 115 native tree species archived in the New Zealand School of Forestry | Te Kura Ngahere’s xylarium were measured and put into context with available information from literature. Results: The range of wood density and stiffness of the New Zealand native tree species was comparable with that found globally, indicating a wide range of potential uses. Conclusions: Open access to wood properties of lesser-used New Zealand native tree species is essential to successfully implement New Zealand’s government policy of establishing a commercial native forestry sector. Wood density information can aid carbon accounting of native forests under the Emissions Trading Scheme.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acoustic velocity
  topic: keywords
subject: density
  topic: keywords
subject: Modulus of Elasticity (MoE)
  topic: keywords
subject: School of Forestry | Kura Ngahere
  topic: keywords
subject: Wood collection
  topic: keywords
subject: Xylarium
  topic: keywords
creator: Georgia Kennedy
creator: Meike Holzenkaempfer
creator: Monika Sharma
creator: Clemens Michael Altaner
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Georgia Kennedy, Meike Holzenkaempfer, Monika Sharma, Clemens Michael Altaner (Author) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-11-07
publication date: 2023-11-07
doi: 10.33494/nzjfs532023x315x